CHINA'S NON-WESTERN SOFT POWER POLICY IN ESTABLISHING A NEW ORDER: A REVIEW OF STRATEGY AND RESOURCES

Hemn Shawkat Ali

Abstract


State power, in the modern era, is not just based on the concepts of political, military, and economic efficiency. The rise of the era of globalization and the interaction and interdependence of state in the international system has led to the centralization of a new concept known as "soft power". Soft power is the frame of attraction and a fundamental tool of influence for states that can be attained without using military intervention and prowess. The soft power strategy was primarily developed by Professor Joseph Nye, and the West rationally employed it as a political approach to portray and establish the face of their liberal hegemony. In the last few years, China has made significant efforts to enhance its soft power capabilities. It is observed that the liberal face of the West is declining. As a result, new active manifestations are emerging from the East, especially from China. The paper argues that China attempts to change its historical perception of how to interact with states on a global scale by resorting to Western soft power, such as relying on cooperation policies with many countries. The study examines China's soft power strategy; in doing so, it aims to highlight China's soft power strategy compared to Western soft power. In order to better understand how China interprets soft power and its resources, this study assesses whether China represents a new approach to identifying its "soft power" concept.

Keywords


Soft Power; Non-Western Model of Soft Power; Chinese Soft Power; Confucianism; Cultural Diplomacy; Discourse; Peaceful Development

Full Text:

PDF

References


Gupta Amit. Panda Power? Chinese Soft Power in the Era of COVID-19. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/prism/prism_10-1/prism_10-1_40-56_Gupta.pdf?ver=Rvf3hjGeVbEE8rXeMgfIyA%3d%3d.

Katrine, Bislev. “Student-to-Student Diplomacy: Chinese International Students as a Soft-Power Tool.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 46, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261704600204.

Glaser Bonnie and Murphy Melissa. Soft power with Chinese characteristics the ongoing debate, (2008) http://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/090310_chinesesoftpower__chap2.pdf.

Bruno, Greg C. Blessings from Beijing: Inside China’s Soft-Power War on Tibet. University Press of New England, 2018.

Bush, John W., "China's Soft Power in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative: Three Case Studies" (2021). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 393. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/393.

Nedopli Christoph. “Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative”. (2023) https://greenfdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Nedopil-2023_China-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-BRI-Investment-Report-2022.pdf.

Shambaugh David. China’s Soft-Power Push: The Search for Respect. Foreign Affairs, 94(4), (2015) 99–107.

Chow Edward, Kuchins Andrew. Bean and Stephen Flanagan. Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States Competition and Cooperation in the Developing World. [online] N.W., Washington, D.C: the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), (2009). https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs public/legacy_fi.

Priya Gauttam, Kartar Bawa and Kaur Jaspal. “COVID-19 and Chinese Global Health Diplomacy: Geopolitical Opportunity for China’s Hegemony?” Millennial Asia 11, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 318–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399620959771.

Robert Grosse, Gamso Jonas and Nelson Roy. “China’s Rise, World Order, and the Implications for International Business.” Management International Review 61, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-020-00433-8.

Brands Hal and Sullvan Jake. China Has Two Paths To Global Domination. (MAY 22, 2020) https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/05/22/china-has-two-paths-to-global-domination-pub-81908.

Lai Hongyi and Lu Yiyi. China’s Soft Power and International Relations. Routledge, 2012.

Nazmul Islam. Power of Bonding and Non-Western Soft Power Strategy in Iran: Comparing China and India’s Engagement. Springer Nature, 2022.

Wilson Jeanne. “Soft Power: A Comparison of Discourse and Practice in Russia and China,” Europe-Asia Studies 67, no. 8 (October 30, 2015): 1171–1202, https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1078108.

Nye Joseph S. “Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, no. 80 (January 1, 1990): 153. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580.

Joshua Kurlantzick. Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power Is Transforming the World. Yale University Press, 2007.

Hongyi Lai and Lu Yiyi. China’s Soft Power and International Relations. Routledge, 2012.

Lin Li and Hongtao Leng. Joseph Nye’s Soft Power Theory and Its Revelation Towards Ideological and Political Education, Humanities and Social Sciences. 5, no 2, (March 2017) , 69-74. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20170502.13.

Mingjiang Li. Soft Power : China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics. Lanham: Lexington Books, 211.

Munk-Petersen Mattias. Soft Power in China: An historical analysis of the notion and role of soft power. M. dissertation. Aalborg University, (2013), https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/76794829/Soft_Power_in_China.pdf (Accessed: 13 March 2023).

Du Michael M. “China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiative: Context, Focus, Institutions, and Implications.” The Chinese Journal of Global Governance 2, no. 1 (June 16, 2016): 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1163/23525207-12340014.

Li Mingjiang. “China Debates Soft Power.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 2 (December 21, 2008): 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pon011.

Nadeem Mirza, Abbas Hussain, and Nizamani Muhammad. “Evaluating China’s Soft Power Discourse: Assumptions, Strategies, and Objectives.” Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review V (IV) (2020) 40–50. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(v-iv).05.

Xiaohua Ning and Ma Guotao. “Experience of Foreign Higher Education Service Trade and Its Enlightenment to China.” World Journal of Educational Research 7 (1), (2020) 130. https://doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v7n1p130.

Nye Joseph. Soft Power : the Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.

Nye Joseph. “Soft Power and American Foreign Policy.” Political Science Quarterly 119, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 255–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/20202345.

Voci Paola and Hui Luo. Screening China’s soft power. (2017), file:///C:/Users/khetam721/Downloads/10.4324_9781315617930-1%20(1).pdf.

Volten Peter. Hard power versus Soft power or a balance between the two? All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace, 5, no. 2 (2016): 91–91. 10.20991/allazimuth.257679.

Jakhar Pratik. Confucius Institutes: The growth of China's controversial cultural branch. (2019), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49511231.

Ding Sheng. The Dragon’s Hidden Wings : How China Rises with Its Soft Power. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2008.

Marwah Sitti and Ervina Ratna. The China Soft Power: Confucius Institute in Build Up One Belt One Road Initiative in Indonesia. Journal of Foreign Language studies, Linguistics, Education, Literatures, and Cultures, .1, no 1 ( 2021) 23-37.

Marwah Sitti and Ervina Ratna. The China Soft Power: Confucius Institute in Build Up One Belt One Road Initiative in Indonesia. (2021) file:///C:/Users/khetam721/Downloads/23035-56773-1-SM.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2023).

Tini Tisna. The Progress Made in the Belt and Road Initiative’s Five Key Goals. (2019) https://www.ottawalife.com/article/the-progress-made-in-the-belt-and-road-initiatives-five-key-goals?c=86.

Hongying Wang and Lu Yeh-Chung. “The Conception of Soft Power and Its Policy Implications: A Comparative Study of China and Taiwan.” Journal of Contemporary China 17, no. 56 (June 19, 2008): 425–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560802000191.

Wang Weili. "China’s projection of ‘soft power’: media events, personalisation, and domestication in the era of Xi Jinping". PhD thesis. University of Loughborough, 2020. file:///C:/Users/khetam721/Downloads/B615217_Thesis.pdf.

Yuan Yacong. Soft Power of International News Media: American Audiences' Perceptions of China's Country Image Mediated by Trust in News. PhD Thesis, Philip Merrill College of Journalism (2017) https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/19797/Yuan_umd_0117E_18208.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Beg Zahra. “The Health Silk Road”: Implications for the EU under Covid-19. (2020) https://eias.org/publications/op-ed/the-health-silk-road-implications-for-the-eu-under-covid-19/.

Akdag Zekeriyya. The Role of Soft Power in China’s Struggle for Hegemony. PhD Thesis, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (2022). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2282202.

Weihong Zhang. “China’s Cultural Future: From Soft Power to Comprehensive National Power.” International Journal of Cultural Policy 16 (4) (2010) 383–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630903134300.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/tps.v19i1.17712

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License

All publications by Jurnal TAPIS [ISSN-p 0216-4396; ISSN-e 2655-6057 ] are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License